April 21,2008
April 21, 2008
The Honorable Andrew C. von Eschenbach, M.D.
Commissioner
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
RE: Off-Label Promotion of Drugs
Dear Commissioner von Eschenbach:
As a senior member of the United States Senate and as Ranking Member of theCommittee on Finance (Committee), it is my duty under the Constitution to conduct oversightinto the actions of the executive branch, including the activities of the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA or Agency). In this capacity, I must ensure that FDA upholds itsresponsibility to the public's safety by properly regulating the nation's drug supply and ensuringthat the drugs Americans use are safe and effective.
Physicians can prescribe any drug or device approved for marketing by the FDA as theysee fit. Pharmaceutical and device manufacturers, however, are not allowed to promote productsfor "off-label" uses, or those that have not been cleared by the FDA as safe and effective.Off-label prescribing can raise significant safety concerns because there may be limited, if any,evidence that the benefits of the off-label use outweigh the risks.
I have repeatedly insisted that the FDA make more information available to the publicabout the safety and efficacy of drugs and devices so that physicians and in turn, their patientscan make informed medical decisions. It would therefore seem reasonable for the FDA toencourage the distribution of available scientific literature as a way to ensure that physicianshave additional information about the products they prescribe to their patients. However, I haveserious concerns about FDA's current proposal to expand direct distribution of scientific articlesto physicians by pharmaceutical and device sales representatives in light of recent studies andeditorials regarding "ghostwriting" and manipulation of scientific data by the drug industry, aswell as, my own findings about the integrity of the peer review process.
In 1997, Congress passed the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act(FDAMA), which included a provision, Section 401, allowing drug manufacturers to distributescientific literature and reference publications on new or off-label uses under certain conditions.The drug manufacturer was required to submit a supplemental new drug application (NDA) forthe off-label use or obtain an exemption from the requirement from the Secretary of theDepartment of Health and Human Services. Section 401, however, expired in September 2006,and in February 2008, the FDA proposed draft guidance on the dissemination of scientificliterature to physicians by drug and device manufacturers at the prompting of, among others, thedrug industry.
FDA's draft guidance is similar to Section 401, but it lacks an important requirement: thatdrug manufacturers submit a supplemental NDA or obtain an exemption from the requirement.As a result of this decision FDA is essentially ensuring that there would be no review by theFDA of data that would have earlier been made available to the Agency through thesupplemental application process.
FDA's proposal expands not only the pharmaceutical industry's ability to promoteoff-label drug use, but also the medical device industry's ability to distribute scientific literatureto physicians regarding unapproved uses of their products. What the FDA once consideredevidence of unlawful marketing/misbranding/adulteration of a drug or device, the Agency wouldnow consider an appropriate dissemination of information. In effect, the FDA is ceding some ofits oversight of off-label promotion. In fact, the FDA states in its draft guidance that "if amanufacturer follows the recommendations of…this guidance and there is no unlawfulpromotion of the product, FDA does not intend to use the distribution of such medical andscientific information as evidence of an intent by the manufacturer that the product be used foran unapproved use." But, Dr. von Eschenbach, the intent of the manufacturers in distributingsuch scientific literature is to "promote" an unapproved use, and now it appears manufacturerswould be permitted to do so with FDA's blessing.
Last week, a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) showedhow the manufacturer of the painkiller Vioxx sought out academic "ghost writers" to put theirnames on journal articles about the drug, which were drafted by the manufacturer or a medicalcommunications firm hired by the manufacturer. Manufacturers have academic doctors andscientists headline their medical articles because they know practitioners read and rely on articlesauthored by the experts in their field. What is troubling is that some of these doctors andscientists may agree to be the primary authors of the articles even though they may not beintimately familiar with the underlying study data. Such attempts to meddle in scientificliterature can mislead doctors to prescribe treatments that may not work or even be harmful,which in turn would be costly to the health care system. In addition, such activities may makemedical literature nothing more than an extension of drug or device marketing.
FDA's proposed guidance would require that the articles be published in peer reviewedjournals, but as quoted by the New York Times, the author of one of the JAMA articles asked,"What does it mean to be peer-reviewed,…if the company has essentially conceived the article,composed the draft and written the paper?" In addition, earlier this year, I reported that a peerreviewer for the New England Journal of Medicine leaked a copy of a confidential draft articleon the diabetes drug Avandia to the manufacturer of the drug. This is not the first time a breachof this kind has occurred, and it also calls into question the integrity of the peer review processas a whole.
Some critics of FDA's draft guidance also point out that the guidance will enablemanufacturers to circumvent the FDA approval process because there would be limited incentivefor a company to conduct rigorous clinical trials and seek FDA approval for off-label uses whenthe company can go directly to physicians about those uses.
Under the current environment, I believe that there are some very important questionsthat the FDA must answer prior to proceeding on its current path with regard to off-labelpromotion. For example, how will the FDA ensure that companies follow the recommendationsof the guidance? In particular, how will the FDA ensure that companies are not using journalarticles selectively to market off-label uses of their products? How will the FDA ensure thatcompanies are not manipulating the science to support off-label uses? Indeed, since the FDAwould no longer be provided a copy of the literature that a manufacturer is distributing directlyto physicians, how will the FDA identify cases of noncompliance? What enforcement actionswould be taken if a company fails to follow the guidance?
I look forward to your cooperation and assistance on this important matter.
Sincerely,
Charles E. Grassley
United States Senator
Ranking Member of the Committee on Finance
Grassley suggests FDA is abdicating its responsibilities with off-label prescribing
WASHINGTON - Senator Chuck Grassley has asked the FDA Commissioner to explainagency actions that appear to cede its authority to the drug and medical device industry when itcomes to off-label use of industry products.
Grassley said draft guidance from the Food and Drug Administration would expandindustry’s ability to promote off-label use of drugs and devices through the distribution ofscientific literature that supports off-label use, even while there’s growing evidence of industryefforts to manipulate scientific literature to industry advantage.
“The Food and Drug Administration needs to stay focused on its mission of overseeingpharmaceutical products and devices and assessing their safety,” Grassley said. “The agency’snew guidance tells drug and device makers that they are ‘home alone’ and free to promoteoff-label prescribing as long as they do it under the umbrella of peer-reviewed scientificarticles.”
The text of Grassley's letter to the FDA Commissioner is below.
April 21, 2008
The Honorable Andrew C. von Eschenbach, M.D.
Commissioner
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
RE: Off-Label Promotion of Drugs
Dear Commissioner von Eschenbach:
As a senior member of the United States Senate and as Ranking Member of theCommittee on Finance (Committee), it is my duty under the Constitution to conduct oversightinto the actions of the executive branch, including the activities of the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA or Agency). In this capacity, I must ensure that FDA upholds itsresponsibility to the public's safety by properly regulating the nation's drug supply and ensuringthat the drugs Americans use are safe and effective.
Physicians can prescribe any drug or device approved for marketing by the FDA as theysee fit. Pharmaceutical and device manufacturers, however, are not allowed to promote productsfor "off-label" uses, or those that have not been cleared by the FDA as safe and effective.Off-label prescribing can raise significant safety concerns because there may be limited, if any,evidence that the benefits of the off-label use outweigh the risks.
I have repeatedly insisted that the FDA make more information available to the publicabout the safety and efficacy of drugs and devices so that physicians and in turn, their patientscan make informed medical decisions. It would therefore seem reasonable for the FDA toencourage the distribution of available scientific literature as a way to ensure that physicianshave additional information about the products they prescribe to their patients. However, I haveserious concerns about FDA's current proposal to expand direct distribution of scientific articlesto physicians by pharmaceutical and device sales representatives in light of recent studies andeditorials regarding "ghostwriting" and manipulation of scientific data by the drug industry, aswell as, my own findings about the integrity of the peer review process.
In 1997, Congress passed the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act(FDAMA), which included a provision, Section 401, allowing drug manufacturers to distributescientific literature and reference publications on new or off-label uses under certain conditions.The drug manufacturer was required to submit a supplemental new drug application (NDA) forthe off-label use or obtain an exemption from the requirement from the Secretary of theDepartment of Health and Human Services. Section 401, however, expired in September 2006,and in February 2008, the FDA proposed draft guidance on the dissemination of scientificliterature to physicians by drug and device manufacturers at the prompting of, among others, thedrug industry.
FDA's draft guidance is similar to Section 401, but it lacks an important requirement: thatdrug manufacturers submit a supplemental NDA or obtain an exemption from the requirement.As a result of this decision FDA is essentially ensuring that there would be no review by theFDA of data that would have earlier been made available to the Agency through thesupplemental application process.
FDA's proposal expands not only the pharmaceutical industry's ability to promoteoff-label drug use, but also the medical device industry's ability to distribute scientific literatureto physicians regarding unapproved uses of their products. What the FDA once consideredevidence of unlawful marketing/misbranding/adulteration of a drug or device, the Agency wouldnow consider an appropriate dissemination of information. In effect, the FDA is ceding some ofits oversight of off-label promotion. In fact, the FDA states in its draft guidance that "if amanufacturer follows the recommendations of…this guidance and there is no unlawfulpromotion of the product, FDA does not intend to use the distribution of such medical andscientific information as evidence of an intent by the manufacturer that the product be used foran unapproved use." But, Dr. von Eschenbach, the intent of the manufacturers in distributingsuch scientific literature is to "promote" an unapproved use, and now it appears manufacturerswould be permitted to do so with FDA's blessing.
Last week, a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) showedhow the manufacturer of the painkiller Vioxx sought out academic "ghost writers" to put theirnames on journal articles about the drug, which were drafted by the manufacturer or a medicalcommunications firm hired by the manufacturer. Manufacturers have academic doctors andscientists headline their medical articles because they know practitioners read and rely on articlesauthored by the experts in their field. What is troubling is that some of these doctors andscientists may agree to be the primary authors of the articles even though they may not beintimately familiar with the underlying study data. Such attempts to meddle in scientificliterature can mislead doctors to prescribe treatments that may not work or even be harmful,which in turn would be costly to the health care system. In addition, such activities may makemedical literature nothing more than an extension of drug or device marketing.
FDA's proposed guidance would require that the articles be published in peer reviewedjournals, but as quoted by the New York Times, the author of one of the JAMA articles asked,"What does it mean to be peer-reviewed,…if the company has essentially conceived the article,composed the draft and written the paper?" In addition, earlier this year, I reported that a peerreviewer for the New England Journal of Medicine leaked a copy of a confidential draft articleon the diabetes drug Avandia to the manufacturer of the drug. This is not the first time a breachof this kind has occurred, and it also calls into question the integrity of the peer review processas a whole.
Some critics of FDA's draft guidance also point out that the guidance will enablemanufacturers to circumvent the FDA approval process because there would be limited incentivefor a company to conduct rigorous clinical trials and seek FDA approval for off-label uses whenthe company can go directly to physicians about those uses.
Under the current environment, I believe that there are some very important questionsthat the FDA must answer prior to proceeding on its current path with regard to off-labelpromotion. For example, how will the FDA ensure that companies follow the recommendationsof the guidance? In particular, how will the FDA ensure that companies are not using journalarticles selectively to market off-label uses of their products? How will the FDA ensure thatcompanies are not manipulating the science to support off-label uses? Indeed, since the FDAwould no longer be provided a copy of the literature that a manufacturer is distributing directlyto physicians, how will the FDA identify cases of noncompliance? What enforcement actionswould be taken if a company fails to follow the guidance?
I look forward to your cooperation and assistance on this important matter.
Sincerely,
Charles E. Grassley
United States Senator
Ranking Member of the Committee on Finance
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